Species | Potential target | Raw | Global | Species |
---|---|---|---|---|
Schistosoma mansoni | high-affinity cgmp-specific 35-cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Leishmania major | DNA topoisomerase IB, large subunit | 0.0322 | 0.082 | 0.1805 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cAMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cGMP-inhibited 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus granulosus | c src tyrosine kinase | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | cAMP phosphodiesterase A, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Schistosoma mansoni | adapter molecule crk | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Schistosoma mansoni | tyrosine kinase | 0.0997 | 0.2705 | 0.2705 |
Echinococcus granulosus | 3'partial|tyrosine protein kinase Fgr | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | high-affinity cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.1484 | 0.4065 | 0.7235 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Schistosoma mansoni | tyrosine kinase | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0037 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | SRC-1 | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0037 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | high-affinity cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus granulosus | calcium:calmodulin dependent 3'5' cyclic | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Brugia malayi | Variant SH3 domain containing protein | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Schistosoma mansoni | camp-specific 35-cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Schistosoma mansoni | tyrosine kinase | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0037 |
Brugia malayi | Probable 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase R153.1, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | hypothetical protein | 0.3608 | 1 | 1 |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Two component sensor histidine kinase DevS | 0.1787 | 0.4913 | 1 |
Toxoplasma gondii | hypothetical protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 1 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.1978 | 0.5446 | 1 |
Schistosoma mansoni | growth factor receptor-bound protein | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Schistosoma mansoni | proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase abl1 | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Echinococcus granulosus | tyrosine protein kinase Btk29A | 0.1015 | 0.2755 | 1 |
Giardia lamblia | CAMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.5 |
Schistosoma mansoni | camp-specific 35-cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | cAMP specific 3',5' cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | high-affinity cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.1484 | 0.4065 | 0.7235 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | hypothetical protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 0.1301 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | cAMP specific 3',5' cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cone cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.1978 | 0.5446 | 1 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | high-affinity cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | high-affinity cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | conserved hypothetical protein | 0.1978 | 0.5446 | 1 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cone cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase Fyn | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | conserved hypothetical protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 0.1698 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | cAMP specific phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | sex muscle abnormal protein 5 | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Schistosoma mansoni | camp/cgmp cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.1833 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trypanosoma brucei | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Leishmania major | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Brugia malayi | 3'5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family protein | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Brugia malayi | 3'5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family protein | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Schistosoma mansoni | DNA topoisomerase type I | 0.043 | 0.1122 | 0.1122 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | high-affinity cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Schistosoma mansoni | high-affinity cgmp-specific 35-cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Echinococcus granulosus | DNA topoisomerase 1 | 0.043 | 0.1122 | 0.4024 |
Mycobacterium leprae | conserved hypothetical protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 0.5 |
Echinococcus granulosus | tyrosine protein kinase Fyn | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Echinococcus granulosus | high affinity cgmp specific 3' 5' cyclic | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | calcium:calmodulin dependent 3',5' cyclic | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Giardia lamblia | hypothetical protein | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.5 |
Echinococcus granulosus | tyrosine protein kinase Fyn | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | c src tyrosine kinase | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Echinococcus granulosus | calcium:calmodulin dependent 3'5' cyclic | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Schistosoma mansoni | high-affinity cgmp-specific 35-cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.1978 | 0.5446 | 1 |
Toxoplasma gondii | GAF domain-containing protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 1 |
Toxoplasma gondii | hypothetical protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 1 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Schistosoma mansoni | camp-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Plasmodium vivax | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 1 |
Toxoplasma gondii | hypothetical protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 1 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | cAMP and cAMP inhibited cGMP 3',5' cyclic | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.6628 |
Echinococcus granulosus | proto oncogene tyrosine protein kinase LCK | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Brugia malayi | Variant SH3 domain containing protein | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | dual 3',5' cyclic AMP and GMP phosphodiesterase | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.6628 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | conserved hypothetical protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 0.1698 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | conserved hypothetical protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 0.1698 |
Trypanosoma brucei | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.4867 |
Brugia malayi | Probable 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase C32E12.2, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.1833 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | cAMP specific phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.4867 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase Abl | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Plasmodium falciparum | GAF domain-related protein, putative | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 1 |
Schistosoma mansoni | cgmp-dependent 35-cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.3608 | 1 | 1 |
Echinococcus granulosus | tyrosine protein kinase Lyn | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Echinococcus granulosus | tyrosine protein kinase Src42A | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | DNA topoisomerase I | 0.043 | 0.1122 | 0.1122 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cAMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Schistosoma mansoni | DNA topoisomerase type I | 0.0322 | 0.082 | 0.082 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | high affinity cgmp specific 3' 5' cyclic | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase lyn lyn a protein tyrosine kinase lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | cAMP phosphodiesterase A, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Schistosoma mansoni | proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase src | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0037 |
Echinococcus granulosus | tyrosine protein kinase Fyn | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cGMP-dependent 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | high affinity cAMP specific 3',5' cyclic | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase Btk29A | 0.1015 | 0.2755 | 1 |
Mycobacterium ulcerans | two component sensor histidine kinase DevS | 0.1787 | 0.4913 | 1 |
Trypanosoma brucei | 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cAMP/cGMP cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cGMP-dependent 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Plasmodium falciparum | topoisomerase I | 0.043 | 0.1122 | 0.7888 |
Trypanosoma brucei | DNA topoisomerase IB, large subunit | 0.0322 | 0.082 | 0.1805 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase lyn tyrosine protein kinase blk | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cGMP-dependent 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase Fgr | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Brugia malayi | Sex muscle abnormal protein 5 | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Toxoplasma gondii | DNA topoisomerase I, putative | 0.043 | 0.1122 | 0.7888 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | cAMP specific phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.4867 |
Brugia malayi | Tyrosine-protein kinase abl-1 | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0037 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | calcium/calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | variant SH3 domain-containing protein | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Schistosoma mansoni | camp-specific 35-cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Trypanosoma brucei | GAF domain/TIP41-like family, putative | 0.1293 | 0.3533 | 1 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | hypothetical protein | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | cAMP specific phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.4867 |
Brugia malayi | SRC-1 | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0037 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | hypothetical protein | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Trypanosoma brucei | 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase Src42A | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | DNA topoisomerase 1 | 0.043 | 0.1122 | 0.4024 |
Brugia malayi | DNA topoisomerase I | 0.043 | 0.1122 | 0.1122 |
Echinococcus granulosus | cAMP specific 3'5' cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Echinococcus granulosus | tyrosine protein kinase Src64B | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | proto oncogene tyrosine protein kinase LCK | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | calcium:calmodulin dependent 3',5' cyclic | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase Fyn | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Trypanosoma brucei | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.4867 |
Plasmodium vivax | topoisomerase I, putative | 0.043 | 0.1122 | 0.7888 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | high-affinity cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Leishmania major | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.1293 | 0.3533 | 1 |
Brugia malayi | Probable 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase T04D3.3, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Leishmania major | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Schistosoma mansoni | camp-specific 35-cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | hypothetical protein | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Echinococcus granulosus | cAMP and cAMP inhibited cGMP 3'5' cyclic | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.6628 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | conserved hypothetical protein | 0.0494 | 0.1301 | 0.1698 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | DNA topoisomerase IB, large subunit, putative | 0.0322 | 0.082 | 0.1805 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | GAF domain/TIP41-like family, putative | 0.1293 | 0.3533 | 1 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | hypothetical protein | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Leishmania major | cAMP phosphodiesterase A, putative;with=GeneDB:LinJ18_V3.1100 | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Schistosoma mansoni | growth factor receptor-bound protein | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus granulosus | high affinity cAMP specific 3'5' cyclic | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Conserved hypothetical protein | 0.1293 | 0.3533 | 0.6179 |
Trypanosoma brucei | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Schistosoma mansoni | calcium/calmodulin-dependent 35-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Trypanosoma cruzi | GAF domain/TIP41-like family, putative | 0.1293 | 0.3533 | 1 |
Giardia lamblia | Hypothetical protein | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.5 |
Schistosoma mansoni | tyrosine kinase | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0037 |
Trypanosoma brucei | cAMP phosphodiesterase A, putative | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Leishmania major | hypothetical protein, conserved | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0697 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus granulosus | dual 3'5' cyclic AMP and GMP phosphodiesterase | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.6628 |
Schistosoma mansoni | nck2/grb4 | 0.0036 | 0.0022 | 0.0022 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase Fyn | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Schistosoma mansoni | DNA topoisomerase type I | 0.0322 | 0.082 | 0.082 |
Schistosoma mansoni | tyrosine kinase | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0037 |
Trichomonas vaginalis | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, putative | 0.0685 | 0.1833 | 0.2765 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | tyrosine protein kinase Src64B | 0.0042 | 0.0037 | 0.0053 |
Loa Loa (eye worm) | PDE1B protein | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.0453 |
Echinococcus granulosus | cAMP specific 3'5' cyclic phosphodiesterase | 0.0191 | 0.0453 | 0.1577 |
Activity type | Activity value | Assay description | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
GI50 (functional) | -5.345 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the UO-31 Renal cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
GI50 (functional) | -5.204 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the MDA-N Breast cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
GI50 (functional) | -5.204 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the SN12C Renal cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
GI50 (functional) | -5.204 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the ACHN Renal cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
GI50 (functional) | -5.204 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the NCI-H23 Non-Small Cell Lung cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
GI50 (functional) | -5.204 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the HOP-92 Non-Small Cell Lung cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
GI50 (functional) | -5.204 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the HL-60(TB) Leukemia cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
GI50 (functional) | -5.204 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the SF-539 Central Nervous System cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
GI50 (functional) | -5.204 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the DU-145 Prostate cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
GI50 (functional) | -5.204 | PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: NCI human tumor cell line growth inhibition assay. Data for the MALME-3M Melanoma cell line. (Class of assay: confirmatory) | ChEMBL. | No reference |
Many chemical entities in TDR Targets come from high-throughput screenings with whole cells or tissue samples, and not all assayed compounds have been tested against a single a single target protein, probably because they get ruled out during screening process. Even if these compounds may have not been of interest in the original screening, they may come as interesting leads for other screening assays. Furthermore, we may be able to propose drug-target associations using chemical similarities and network patterns.